īrandeis et al observed that N400 peak latencies in non-plausible sentences were delayed in dyslexic children, and Helenius et al found a similar delay in dyslexic adults. P600, on the contrary, is a later component that develops between 500 and 900 ms that is also caused by agreement violations but reflects ‘garden path’ processes and syntactic reanalyzes to repair incorrect previous attachment. Both have a left frontal or fronto-central distribution and have been interpreted as representing the first syntactic parsing of the sentences using lexical information. ELAN is an early negativity that emerges 200 ms after stimulus presentation, whereas LAN evolves from 350 ms to 550 ms. Gender or number disagreement in anaphoric sentences affects certain components of the electrophysiological recording, such as ELAN (early left anterior negativity), LAN (left anterior negativity) and P600. This is the case, for example, with anaphoric phrases, in which the gender of a subject and its pronoun are the only clues to achieving their agreement and therefore their syntactic attachment. Working memory, in particular, is essential for reading sentences, because noun and verb phrases tend to be situated apart from each other and need to be maintained and attached in the proper order to be comprehended. The influence of executive functions on reading comprehension contributes to the building of inferences, construction of mental models (i.e., abstraction), maintenance of previous structures (i.e., working memory), integration of ideas (i.e., cognitive flexibility) and removal of irrelevant information (i.e., inhibition). The clinical and pathological profile of ADHD presents deficits in executive functions and occasionally in reading. Keywords ADHD Child neuropsychology Event-related potentials Executive functions Gender agreement Grammatical gender violation Reading comprehension Working memory Categories Neuropediatría NeuropsiquiatríaĪttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the more frequently diagnosed disorders of neurodevelopment in childhood. The ADHD+ group and the control group seem to detect the disagreement at 100 ms, while the ADHD group does not activate its working memory until 250 ms.ĬONCLUSIONS The delay in the implementation of the working memory mechanisms helps us to understand the deficits in reading comprehension of the ADHD group. RESULTS Working memory and inhibition were associated to reading comprehension performance. The ERPs were assessed during a task in which anaphoric sentences of different lengths were presented, recording the ERP in the last adjective of the sentence that required a gender agreement. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The sample consisted of 52 children with ADHD (8-13 years) divided in two groups according to the presence (TDAH n = 27 percentile 50) of reading comprehension deficits and a control group (n = 27). The phenotypic association between reading comprehension and the specific functions of inhibition and working memory is studied. To investigate whether or not the deficits in executive functions in the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affect reading comprehension and identify a potential biological marker of this neuropsychological endophenotype through event-related potentials (ERP).
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